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Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Municipal Finance

  • Published On
    30 Jun 2021
  • Author(s)
    The World Bank, Da Zhu
  • Abstract

    • Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Municipal Finance

    City local governments have been facing multiple challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic to secure adequate financial resources for response and recovery. This report assesses the impact of the pandemic on local governments’ financial situations through cross-country analysis and comparison. Three indicative types of local government adjustments are discussed and scenario analysis is used to highlight the risks and uncertainties associated with the pandemic’s impact and subsequent economic recovery.
     
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PPP Project Summaries part 1

  • Published On
    18 Mar 2021
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  • Abstract

    • PPP Project Summaries part 1

    Summary of case studies worldwide: This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. 

     

     

     

Best Practices and Lessons Learned on the Pathways to Sustainability: Land-Value Capture Mechanism

  • Category
    Partner
  • Published On
    19 Jan 2021
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  • Abstract

    • Best Practices and Lessons Learned on the Pathways to Sustainability: Land-Value Capture Mechanism

    Within the "Asunción Sustentable" project, we sought to design a land-value capture mechanism for cities within Asunción's Metropolitan Area (AMA) to be able to increase their income and invest in sustainable infrastructure. Key stakeholders contributed to the process: municipalities, ministries, real estate developers and civil society organizations.
     

PPP Project Summaries part 2

  • Category
    Books
  • Published On
    18 Jan 2021
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  • Abstract

    • PPP Project Summaries part 2

    Summary of case studies worldwide: This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.

Public-Private Partnerships for Investment and Delivery of Affordable Housing in Emerging Market Economies

  • Category
    Books
  • Published On
    23 Nov 2020
  • Author(s)
    The World Bank, GPSC
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  • Abstract

    • Public-Private Partnerships for Investment and Delivery of Affordable Housing in Emerging Market Economies

    The role of the public sector in housing delivery in many developed economies evolved from government as builder in the post-War era in the 1950s when the government directly constructed and delivered housing to meet the daunting demand for housing, to government as enabler and regulator in the 1980s and 90s when governments retreated from direct provision but started to focus on facilitating the private sector to deliver housing effectively, and to assist the poorest segment of the population. The point of departure is the belief that housing is essentially a private good that is best provided by the market. Today, the government’s role is therefore focused on Should read: (i) establishing the enabling environment for the private sector (including private individuals) to deliver housing; (ii) addressing the market failures; and (iii) avoiding and/or correcting government policy failures.
     
    However, challenges persist for low-income households to find affordable accommodation in locations that work for them. Such shortages of affordable housing are most pronounced in developing countries, which in recent decades have seen rapid urbanization and the proliferation of informal settlements, which are increasingly challenging for the public sector to address. As the private sector and public sector fail to provide adequate and affordable housing for the lower-end of the market segment at the pace and scale that is needed, governments have since the later 2000’s repositioned themselves as partners, and increasingly as entrepreneurs, to catalyze – and reduce the risk for – the private sector’s entry into the affordable housing markets.

Climate Finance Decision-making Tree

  • Category
    Database
  • Published On
    20 Aug 2020
  • Abstract

    • Climate Finance Decision-making Tree

    This climate finance decision-making tree guides local and regional governments through a series of questions that help them consider different financing tools. Each financing tool is described, including advantages, disadvantages and case study examples. Here is an overview of the decision-making tree and the financing tools available to local and regional governments. To use the decision making tree, click here.
    Chinese English  French 
    Portuguese Spanish

Successful Local Government Fundraising and Project Pitching

  • Published On
    20 Aug 2020
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  • Abstract

    • Successful Local Government Fundraising and Project Pitching

    While most local governments struggle to access funds for their low-emission and climate resilient projects, within just one year Brasília, the federal capital of Brazil and government seat of the Federal District, managed to fundraise over USD 450M for implementation in 2021.
     
    Although in recent years significant strides have been made with regards to availability of climate finance for local governments, accessibility of those funds remains too limited to effect the change needed. Several barriers to accessing capital have been identified, including fiscal and/or technical capacity limitations, and challenges from project preparation to accessing finance and implementation. To develop robust and bankable projects, finance is needed already at a very early stage, representing up to 12% of the total project cost. In emerging economies, due to the limited financial sources and level of autonomy of action, pre-financing or co-financing is not yet affordable. Additionally, when finance is available, local governments often lack information on these various financing opportunities and project preparation facilities at hand. The current financial architecture is complex and not easy to navigate, nor is it easy to identify the right financial model.
     

Municipal Public-Private Partnership Framework

  • Category
    Books
  • Published On
    07 Nov 2019
  • Abstract

    • Municipal Public-Private Partnership Framework

    The Municipal PPP Framework is a tool developed specifically for local governments to help them understand and implement PPPs, keeping in mind their characteristics, needs and challenges. The Framework is inspired by best practices from PPPs around the world adjusted to be most relevant for municipal PPP, easy to use, practical and better aligned to the capacities and capabilities of local government.
     
    The tool kit offers a comprehensive and concise approach to PPPs, with sample terms of reference, bidding documents, and PPP agreements. Also, incudes a series of summaries of relatable projects to inspire local decision-makers with innovative, creative opportunities for municipal PPP to help towns and cities provide better services and deliver sound infrastructure projects on an appropriate scale.
     
    The Framework is organized around an Executive Summary and a Guidance Note that outlines how to implement municipal PPP. It is supported by a series of modules, twenty in all; each provides more detail on specific issues important to municipal PPP. The Guidance Note and Modules are enhanced by the Project Summaries.
     
    Download the full knowledge product here.
     
    Vist the World Bank’s Public-Private Partnership Legal Resource Center to learn more about the knowledge product and download individual chapters.
     

Municipal Public-private Partnership City Academy

  • Published On
    16 Sep 2019
  • Abstract

    • Municipal Public-private Partnership City Academy

    This Academy provides participants with the fundamental building blocks for delivering a successful Municipal PPP. It introduces GPSC’s newly launched Model Municipal PPP Framework and guide participants through use of the Framework’s principals, modules and tools. 
    By using interactive sessions and hands on engagement, participants a) Learn best practices in Municipal PPP and global lessons learned with our panel of experts; b) Be inspired by innovative uses of PPP from around the world; c) Assess the readiness of their own Municipality and identify reforms needed to make their Municipality more PPP ready, through the Municipal PPP Readiness Tool; and d) Assess the readiness of individual projects for PPP through application of the Municipal PPP Project Readiness Tool.
     
    Introduction to Muni PPP frameworks and projects 
    Overview of Municipal PPP and to the Model Municipal PPP Framework, this session provides the key building blocks for a robust PPP program and successful PPP projects. An overview of Muni PPP frameworks.
     
    Project summaries  
    Presentation on project summaries from the Framework, opportunities for innovative mobilization of additional sources of revenues with examples and lessons learned. 
     
    Project Readiness 
    The tool for assessment of the readiness of a project for PPP is presented and described, enabling participants to use the tool for their own assessment purposes. Participants use the project readiness tool to assess their own projects, to identify challenges and opportunities to improve those projects.
     
    Municipal Readiness 
    The tool for assessment of the readiness of a Municipality to implement PPP is presented and described, enabling participants to use the tool for their own assessment purposes. 
     
    Case studies:
    Public Private Partnership Projects. The South African story, DBSA
    PPPs in Shanghai, Shanghai Green Urban Financing and Services Co., Ltd
     
    You can find here the Muni PPP Framework. 
     

How to Finance Urban Infrastructure? C40 Cities Finance Facility

  • Category
    Books
  • Published On
    28 Mar 2019
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  • Abstract

    • How to Finance Urban Infrastructure? C40 Cities Finance Facility

    City governments around the world are struggling to finance urgently needed urban infrastructure. This Explainer helps them to understand the range of options they have, to raise the resources to finance their infrastructure projects and to fund their operation and maintenance.
     

Public Procurement for a Circular Economy

  • Category
    Partner
  • Published On
    02 Oct 2017
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  • Abstract

    • Public Procurement for a Circular Economy

    Circular procurement sets out an approach to green public procurement which pays special attention to "the purchase of works, goods or services that seek to contribute to the closed energy and material loops within supply chains, whilst minimising, and in the best case avoiding, negative environmental impacts and waste creation across the whole life-cycle". 
     
    Circular procurement approaches have the potential to deliver multiple benefits. For example, as well as allowing purchasers to focus on need fulfilment and consider life time costs with potential for savings, circular procurement also provides a framework for more holistic consideration of environmental impacts and waste creation across the whole life-cycle of goods and services. 
     
    In order to support public purchasers to leverage support for a transition to a circular economy, in October 2017 the European Commission published 'Public Procurement for a Circular Economy'. This brochure contains a range of good practice case studies as well as guidance on integrating circular economy principles into procurement.
     
     

Municipal Pooled Financing of Infrastructure in the United States: Experience and Lessons

  • Published On
    01 Jun 2017
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  • Abstract

    • Municipal Pooled Financing of Infrastructure in the United States: Experience and Lessons

    Despite a world awash with liquidity, large infrastructure supply gaps exist across developing and emerging markets. Infrastructure has been largely decentralized to subnational governments in many countries, and many policymakers are keenly interested in developing subnational bond markets to give subnational governments access to private financing for infrastructure. Despite this, the transaction costs of bond issuance are still prohibitive for many subnational governments to access financing. Pooled financing, through regional infrastructure funds, municipal funds, or bond banks, has become a sought-after solution for helping subnational governments access private financing for infrastructure.
     
    In the United States, municipal bond banks that were established since the 1970s have become a cost-effective and stable model for expanding subnational financing for many small municipalities, while maintaining strong credit ratings with virtually no defaults from sub-borrowers. The municipal bond banks have been successful in lowering financing costs for many small, unrated local governments, with loan sizes as low as less than $50,000. This paper examines the policies and structures that have made pooled financing successful in the United States, including regulatory frameworks, governance and managerial systems, the role of project appraisal, operations and pricing, and managing the default risks of borrowers. The paper also explores broader lessons for developing countries that are interested in establishing pooled financing for subnational infrastructure.
     
    Download PPIAF-SNTA document here. 
     

GPSC Compendium: Small-scale Municipal PPP

  • Published On
    17 Mar 2017
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  • Abstract

    • GPSC Compendium: Small-scale Municipal PPP

    Small-scale public-private partnerships (PPPs) offer a number of benefits, especially where projects are developed by municipalities: they are close to those who need services most, respond to local demand and need, and offer opportunities for local investors and financiers that may not be available from larger projects.
     
    Small-scale PPPs make up a significant share of total PPPs. The Private Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) Database shows that in 2013, approximately 40% of projects globally were valued at less than US$50 million, and approximately 25% of projects were valued at less than US$25 million, even though the PPI Database focuses on sectors more accustomed to larger projects. About 40% of projects in the UK Private Finance Initiative (PFI) database are below £30 million, and 20% are below £15 million. Some 30% of all projects in the Australia PPP database have a value of $A50 million or lower in total project cost. 
     

Regenerating Urban Land : A Practitioner's Guide to Leveraging Private Investment

  • Published On
    01 Jun 2016
  • Abstract

    • Regenerating Urban Land : A Practitioner's Guide to Leveraging Private Investment

    Regenerating Urban Land draws on the experience of eight case studies from around the world. The case studies outline various policy and financial instruments to attract private sector investment in urban regeneration of underutilized and unutilized areas and the requisite infrastructure improvements. In particular, each case study details the project cycle, from the scoping phase and determination of the initial amount of public sector investment, to implementation and subsequent leveraged private-sector funds. This manual analyzes rates of return on the investments and long-term financial sustainability. Regenerating Urban Land guides local governments to systematically identify the sequence of steps and tasks needed to develop a regeneration policy framework, with the participation of the private sector. The manual also formulates specific policies and instruments for expanding private sector participation; structuring effective administrative and legal frameworks; utilizing land readjustment/assembly methods; determining duration of contracts, adequate phasing, and timeline; and balancing the distribution of risk and sustainability measures.
     
    Download the document here. 
     
     

The Procura+ Manual

  • Published On
    01 Jan 2016
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  • Abstract

    • The Procura+ Manual

    This fully updated and revised edition of the Procura+ Manual aims to position sustainable procurement in the current economic, political and legal framework. As with previous editions, it acts as a central point of reference for public authorities and others wishing to understand and implement sustainable procurement.
     

Urban Transport: Can Public-Private Partnerships Work?

  • Published On
    01 May 2014
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  • Abstract

    • Urban Transport: Can Public-Private Partnerships Work?

    Cities exist, grow, and prosper because they take advantage of scale economies and specialization wrought by agglomeration. But output growth inevitably stresses transport infrastructure because production requires space and mobility. To prevent congestion from crowding out agglomeration benefits and to expand the supply of urban land, cities must invest in transport infrastructure. Yet balancing the growing demand for infrastructure with its supply is often difficult. In particular, many cities lack the funding to maintain and expand streets and urban highways. Also problematic is that roads are managed like a social service rather than subjected to market discipline.
     
    This leads to the central question of this chapter: Can public-private partnerships (PPPs) deal with these problems better than the conventional public provision and ensure proper maintenance, timely expansion, and less congestion? And if so, how? To answer these questions, the paper examines what PPPs can do and what they need to work, focusing in particular on the role of institutions. This is followed by an investigation of common PPP pitfalls and the ways in which they can be avoided. The paper concludes with a case study of a successful transportation PPP in Chile that emphasizes the importance of planning.
     
    Download the document from here.
     

Success Stories in Socially Responsible Public Procurement

  • Published On
    01 Jan 2014
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  • Abstract

    • Success Stories in Socially Responsible Public Procurement

    The report contains a series of success stories on how public authorities have put socially responsible procurement into practice and raise awareness about global supply chain issues in numerous product lines.
     
     
     

Driving energy efficient innovation through procurement - A practical guide for public authorities

  • Category
    Books
  • Published On
    01 Jan 2011
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  • Abstract

    • Driving energy efficient innovation through procurement - A practical guide for public authorities

    This guide provides clear steps for public authorities that want to become “innovation-friendly” – that is achieving the most innovative, energy-efficient solutions within their procurement actions, particularly through increased dialogue with suppliers and producers.

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