This evaluation was commissioned by the European Space Agency (ESA) to understand the impact of the Earth Observation for Sustainable Development (EO4SD) urban programme specifically, and the impact of Earth Observation (EO) for urban sustainability more broadly. The overall objective is to improve the space sector’s evidence base and communication of the expected impacts of and learnings from the use of EO products for developing world urban centres. This evaluation is organised into four sections:

1. The opportunity for EO to contribute to sustainable urban development.
2. EO for sustainable urban development—an impact evidence review.
3. Evaluation of the EO4SD-Urban programme.
4. Recommendations