Financing

The European Union (EU) sets the policy framework for municipal solid waste management that drives reform initiatives in new EU member states and candidate countries. The EU policies, implementation targets, and grant funding establish the enabling environment that transforms the solid waste management sector in Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, and Romania. The EU directives guide member states towards agreed targets without prescribing in detail how specific measures should be implemented.

Municipal solid waste management continues to be a major challenge for local governments in both urban and rural areas across the world, and one of the key issues is their financial constraints. Recently an economic analysis was conducted in Eryuan, a poor county located in Yunnan Province of China, where willingness to pay for an improved solid waste collection and treatment service was estimated and compared with the project cost.

Along with economic growth and improved living standards, waste from households, industries, and commercial or service establishments is expected to increase rapidly over the next years. Managing this waste is a hard challenge for the Government of Vietnam because of its substantial cost and lack of awareness and participation of people and businesses. Wastes can be classified according to: their form (wastewater, solid waste); their origin (industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, urban (municipal) wastes); and their hazardous nature (non-hazardous or hazardous).

A risk assessment aims to identify current and future climate change-induced hazards to the providence 1 (P-1) and providence 2 (P-2) landfills, which are existing coastal waste management systems in Mahe island of the Republic of Seychelles. The assessment results provided valuable information that will be used to identify alternatives in technological, socioeconomic, and financing assessment.

In 2016, the Government of Bulgaria (GoB) decided to initiate spending reviews (RS) to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its spending in the context of a moderate fiscal consolidation process. Although Bulgaria has one of the lowest overall spending in the European Union (EU), spending outcomes lag those of other EU member states. In the case of waste management, Bulgaria spends the most among comparable EU countries, but outcomes could be significantly improved.

Along with economic growth and improved living standards, waste from households, industries, and commercial or service establishments is expected to increase rapidly over the next years. Managing this waste is a hard challenge for the Government of Vietnam because of its substantial cost and lack of awareness and participation of people and businesses. Wastes can be classified according to: their form (wastewater, solid waste); their origin (industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, urban (municipal) wastes); and their hazardous nature (non-hazardous or hazardous).

The activity developed a review of the solid waste sector in Croatia involving seven topical studies across two dimensions; Three studies covered cross-cutting bottlenecks in the areas of a) governance, b) financial aspects, and c) business opportunities, and four technical reports addressed implementation constraints for the most challenging investments as well as technical issues hindering national Waste Management Plan (WMP) implementation: a) Waste Management Centers (WMC) and sorting, b) packaging waste, c) separation at source, and d) brownfields.

Nepal is experiencing a shift from a unitary to a three-tier government structure. The transition has led to increased financial independence and decision-making responsibilities for urban local level (ULL) governments. Solid waste management is primarily the responsibility of the ULLGs. Legally, the ULLGs can also formulate their own regulations in order to manage the waste efficiently.